UNDERGROUND ECONOMY DAN KEJAHATAN BIROKRAT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14203/jmb.v12i2.113Abstract
To comprehend the reality of this underground economy certainly requires an understanding of the upstream and the downstream network of the activity. Several studies about underground economy have conducted in many countries indicate that this economic activity has involved many actors. Underground economy is also a complex phenomenon, present to an important extent even in the most industrialized and developed economies. People engage in underground economic activity for a variety of reasons; among the most important are, to avoid government actions, most notably taxation and regulation. This paper is also concerned with the bureaucrats crime. It uses the context of the garment import sector in Indonesia to further analyze issues relating to corruption in both private and public sector. The author argues that blaming the bureaucrats or the private businesses alone would not do justice to the problem. Neither will it help in finding appropriate policies to solve this important problem in governance and development. Keywords: underground economy, corruption, bureaucrats crime, government, tax reform.Downloads
References
Adam, Markus, C. and Victor Ginsburgh. 1985. “The Effects of
Irregular Markets on Economy,†Working Paper 87–9,
Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (N. J.).
Asea, Patrick K. 1996. The Informal Sector: Baby or Bath Water?
Carnegie-RochesterConference Series on Public Policy 45.,
pp. 163–171.crossref
Bardhan, Pranab. 1997. “Corruption and Development: A Review of
Issues,†Journal of Economic Literature, 35, pp. 1320–1346.
Bhattacharyya, D.K. 1993. How Does the “Hidden Economy†Affect
Consumers`Expenditure? An Econometric Study of the U.K.
(1960–1984). International Institute of Public Finance (IIPF),
Berlin.
Bhattacharyya, D.K. 1999. “On the Economic Rationale of Estimating
the Hidden Economy,†The Economic Journal, Vol. 109, No.
, pp. 348–359.crossref
Feige, Edgar L. (ed.). 1988. The Underground Economies. Tax Evasion
and Information Distortion. Cambridge, New York,
Melbourne, Cambridge University Press.
Feige, Edgar L. 1994. The Underground Economy and the Currency
Enigma, Supplement to Public Finance/ Finances Publiques,
, pp. 119–136.
Friedman, E., Johnson, S., Kaufmann, D. and Zoido-Lobaton. 1999.
Dodging the Grabbing Hand: The Determinants of Unofficial
Activity in 69 Countries, Discussion Paper, Washington D.C.,
World Bank.
Giles, David, E.A. 1999a. “Measuring the Hidden Economy:
Implications for Econometric Modeling,†The Economic
Journal, Vol. 109, No. 456, pp.370–380.crossref
Houston, John F. 1987. Estimating the Size and Implications of the
Underground Economy. Cambridge, MIT Press.
Johnson, Simon; Kaufmann, Daniel and Pablo Zoido-Lobaton. 1998a.
Regulatory Discretion and the Unofficial Economy. The
American Economic Review, Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 387–392.
Johnson, Simon; Kaufmann, Daniel and Pablo Zoido-Lobaton. 1998b.
Corruption, Public Finances and the Unofficial Economy.
Washington, D.C., The World Bank, Discussion Paper.
Johnson, Simon; Kaufmann, Daniel; and Andrei Shleifer. 1997. The
Unofficial Economy in Transition, Brookings Papers on
Economic Activity, Fall, Washington D.C.crossref
Kaufmann, Daniel and Jeffrey Sachs. 1998. “Determinants of
Corruption,†unpublished manuscript, Harvard University.
Lippert, Owen and Michael Walker (eds.). 1997. The Underground
Economy: GlobalEvidences of its Size and Impact, Vancouver,
B.C., The Frazer Institute.
Loayza, Norman V. 1996. The Economics of the Informal Sector: a
Simple Model andSome Empirical Evidence from Latin
America. Carnegie-Rochester Conference Serieson Public
Mogensen, Gunnar V.; Kvist, Hans K.; Körmendi, Eszter and Soren
Pedersen, 1995, The Economics of the Invisible Hand. New
York : Simon and Schuster Book.
Pommerehne, Werner W. and Friedrich Schneider. 1985. The Decline of
Productivity : Markets and State. New York : The Free Press.
Romer, Paul. 1994. “New Goods, Old Theory, and the Welfare Costs of
Trade Restrictions,†Journal of Development Economics, Vol.
Rose-Ackermann, Susan. 1999. Corruption and Government: Causes,
Consequences and Reforms, Cambridge (Mass.), Cambridge
University Press.
Schneider, Friedrich. 1997. “The Shadow Economies of Western
Europe,†Journal of the Institute of Economic Affairs, Vol.
Schneider, Friedrich. 1998a. “Further Empirical Results of the Size of
the Shadow Economy of 17 OECD Countries Over Time,â€
Paper to be presented at the 54 Congress of the IIPF Cordowa,
Argentina, and discussion paper, Department of Economics,
University of Linz, Linz, Austria.
Shadow Economy in Denmark. 1994. Measurement and Results, Study
No. 3, Copenhagen, The Rockwool Foundation Research Unit.
Smith, Philip. 1994. “Assessing the Size of the Underground
Economyâ€, The Canadian Enterprise Institute Journal. No.
pp. 155.
Tanzi, Vito. 1998. “Corruption Around the World: Causes,
Consequences, Scope, and Cures,†IMF Working Paper 63,
Tanzi, Vito. 1999. “Uses and Abuses of Estimates of the Underground
Economy,†The Economic Journal, Vol. 109, No. 456, pp.
Disertasi dan Laporan Penelitian:
Chotim, Erna Ermawati. 2010. “Institusionalisasi, Eksklusi dan Inklusi
Sosial pada Underground Economy di Indonesia (Studi pada
Sektor Tekstil dan Produk Tekstil di Sentra Cipadu Jaya,
Tangerang)â€, Disertasi, Departemen Sosiologi, Fakultas Ilmu
Sosial dan Ilmu Politik–Universitas Indonesia.
Dermawan, Mohammad Kemal dan Erna Ermawati Chotim. 2009.
“Underground Economy dan Kemiskinanâ€. Laporan Penelitian
Hibah Strategis Nasional, Tahun 2009, Universitas Indonesia.
Issue
Section
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The copyright for articles in this journal is retained by the authors.
- Authors grant to the journal first publication rights and the right to distribute the article, including the journal's web site, online data bases and other similar forms.
- Authors agree to license their work according to Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
- Articles published in JMB are free to use for non-commercial uses as long as the authors and the journal are attributed properly and the new creations are licensed under the indentical terms (license Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
- Authors retain the right to reproduce and distribute their articles in any format, without prior authorization, with the proper acknowledgment to the first publication.
- If the article contains copyright material owned by others, authors should obtain written permission from the copyright owner/s in order to reuse the material. Appropriate acknowledgment should be included.
- Authors are encouraged to post their article online (in institutional repositories, personal websites etc). Any such posting must include a reference and a link to the journal's website.
Penulis yang menerbitkan pada jurnal ini menyetujui ketentuan berikut:
- Hak cipta untuk artikel dalam jurnal ini disimpan oleh penulis.
- Penulis memberikan kepada jurnal hak publikasi pertama dan hak untuk mendistribusikan artikel, termasuk situs web jurnal, basis data online dan bentuk serupa lainnya.
- Penulis setuju untuk melisensikan karya mereka sesuai dengan Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
- Artikel yang diterbitkan dalam JMB bebas digunakan untuk penggunaan non-komersial selama penulis dan jurnal dikaitkan dengan benar dan kreasi baru dilisensikan menurut istilah indentis (lisensi Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
- Penulis mempertahankan hak untuk mereproduksi dan mendistribusikan artikel mereka dalam format apa pun, tanpa izin sebelumnya, dengan pengakuan yang tepat untuk publikasi pertama.
- Jika artikel tersebut berisi materi hak cipta yang dimiliki oleh orang lain, penulis harus mendapatkan izin tertulis dari pemilik hak cipta untuk menggunakan kembali materi tersebut. Pengakuan yang tepat harus disertakan.
- Penulis didorong untuk memposting artikel mereka secara online (dalam repositori institusional, situs web pribadi dll). Setiap posting seperti itu harus menyertakan referensi dan tautan ke situs web jurnal.
.png)
